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Unemployment | ||
In economics, one who is willing to work at a prevailing wage rate yet is unable to find a paying job is considered to be unemployed. The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed workers divided by the total civilian labor force, which includes both the unemployed and those with jobs (all those willing and able to work for pay). In practice, measuring the number of unemployed workers actually seeking work is notoriously difficult, particularly those whose unemployment benefits have expired before finding work. There are several different methods for measuring the number of unemployed workers, each with its own biases, making comparisons between methods difficult. The history of unemployment is the history of industrialization. It was not considered an issue in rural areas, despite the "disguised unemployment" of rural laborers having little to do, especially in conditions of overpopulation. The terms unemployment and unemployed are sometimes used to refer to other inputs to production that are not being fully used — for example, unemployed capital goods. Types of unemployment* Cyclical (Demand deficient unemployment) unemployment: When there is not enough aggregate demand for the labor. * Frictional: When moving from one job to another, the unemployment temporarily experienced when looking for a new job. * Structural: Experienced when the structure of an industry or skill demands changes in mainly: o switching from a declining industry to a rapidly growing one. o Pace of change in the tastes of people. o Regional structure of industry. * Technological: Caused by the replacement of workers by machines or other advanced technology. * Classical (real-wage): When real wage for a job are set above the market-clearing level, commonly government (as with the minimum wage) or unions, although some (such as Murray Rothbard, America's Great Depression p. 45) suggest that even social taboos can prevent wages from falling to the market clearing level. * Marxian: when unemployment is needed to motivate workers to work hard and to keep wages down, to preserve profitability. * Seasonal: When an industry only is in demand certain times. For example, construction work, certain segments of agriculture, ski slopes, shopping mall Santas, snow plow services. Copyright 2008 - France BtoB from Wikipédia
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