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Business management | ||
Mary Parker Follett (1868-1933), who wrote on the topic in the early twentieth-century, defined management as "the art of getting things done through people"[citation needed]. One can also think of management functionally, as the action of measuring a quantity on a regular basis and of adjusting some initial plan; or as the actions taken to reach one's intended goal. This applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective, Frenchman Henri Fayol considers management consisting of five functions... 1. planning 2. organizing 3. leading 4. co-ordinating 5. controlling. Some people, however, find this definition, while useful, far too narrow. The phrase "management is what managers do" occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining management, the shifting nature of definitions, and the connection of managerial practices with the existence of a managerial cadre or class. One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to "business administration", although this then excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. Nonetheless, university departments which teach management usually get called "business schools". Speakers of English may also use the term "management" or "the management" as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a corporation. From the systemic perspective, in the TOGA (Top-down Object-based Goal-oriented Approach) meta-theory, management consists of high-level mental and communication activity (by tasks emission), of the indirect goal-oriented control of the domain of interest using autonomous execution and information entities/agents/units. Management has as its main generic missions * confrontation of objectives with the possibilities * planning * leading of autonomous human units towards achieving an intended goal Every such managerial situation requires on-going decision-making. Copyright 2008 - France BtoB from Wikipédia
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