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Complex system | ||
There are many definitions of complexity, therefore many natural, artificial and abstract objects or networks can be considered to be complex systems, and their study (complexity science) is highly interdisciplinary. Examples of complex systems include ant-hills, ants themselves, human economies, nervous systems, cells and living things, including human beings, as well as modern energy or telecommunication infrastructures. Beyond the fact that these things are all networks of some kind, and that they are complex, it may appear that they have little in common, hence that the term "complex system" is vacuous. However, all complex systems are held to have behavioural and structural features in common, which at least to some degree unites them as phenomena. They are also united theoretically, because all these systems may, in principle, be modelled with varying degrees of success by a certain kind of mathematics. It is therefore possible to state clearly what it is that these systems are supposed to have in common with each other, in relatively formal terms. DefinitionThe term complex system has no precise definition but can often be taken to mean a system with many strongly-coupled degrees of freedom. Traditional methods of mathematical modeling are adept at handling systems with few degrees of freedom that interact strongly, such as the paradigmatic simple harmonic oscillator, while statistical methods are useful for systems with very many degrees of freedom all of which interact weakly, such as a box of gas. Complex systems such as the Potts model occupy the intermediary regime, where local and global phenomena interact in complicated, often nonlinear ways. (For consistency, the examples cited above are all drawn from physics even though complex systems are studied by many scientific disciplines.)Applications of complex systems theoryThe study of complex systems is bringing new vitality to many areas of science where a more typical reductionist strategy has fallen short. Complex systems is therefore often used as a broad term encompassing a research approach to problems in many diverse disciplines including neuroscience, meteorology, chemistry, physics, computer science, psychology, artificial life, evolutionary computation, economics, earthquake prediction, heart cell synchronisation, immune systems, reaction-diffusion systems, molecular biology, epilepsy and inquiries into the nature of living cells themselves.In these endeavours, scientists often seek simple non-linear coupling rules which lead to complex phenomena (rather than describe - see above), but this need not be the case. Human societies (and probably human brains) are complex systems in which neither the components nor the couplings are simple. Nevertheless, they exhibit many of the hallmarks of complex systems. Traditionally, engineering has striven to keep its systems linear, because that makes them simpler to build and to predict. However, many physical systems (for example lasers) are inherently "complex systems" in terms of the definition above, and engineering practice must now include elements of complex systems research. Information theory applies well to the complex adaptive systems, CAS, through the concepts of object oriented design. Copyright 2008 - France BtoB from Wikipédia
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